Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008
To prohibit discrimination on the basis of genetic information with respect to health insurance and employment.
Other Bill Titles (6 more)Hide Other Bill Titles- Official: To prohibit discrimination on the basis of genetic information with respect to health insurance and employment. as introduced.
- Short: Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 as enacted.
- Short: Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 as passed senate.
- Short: Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2007 as passed house.
- Short: Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2007 as reported to house.
- Short: Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2007 as introduced.
5/21/2008--Public Law. (This measure has not been amended since it was passed by the Senate on April 24, 2008. The summary of that version is repeated here, with changes reflecting enrollment corrections.)
Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 - Title I: Genetic Nondiscrimination in Health Insurance -
(Sec. 101) Amends the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), the Public Health Service Act (PHSA), and the Internal Revenue Code to prohibit a group health plan from adjusting premium or contribution amounts for a group on the basis of genetic information.
Prohibits a group health plan from requesting or requiring an individual or family member of an individual from undergoing a genetic test. Provides that such prohibition does not:
(1) limit the authority of a health care professional to request an individual to undergo a genetic test; or
(2) preclude a group health plan from obtaining or using the results of a genetic test in making a determination regarding payment. Requires the plan to request only the minimum amount of information necessary to accomplish the intended purpose.
Allows a group health plan to request, but not require, a participant or beneficiary to undergo a genetic test for research purposes if certain requirements are met, including:
(1) the plan clearly indicates that compliance is voluntary and that noncompliance will have no effect on enrollment status or premium or contribution amounts;
(2) no genetic information collected or acquired is used for underwriting purposes; and
(3) the plan notifies the Secretary of Health and Human Services that it is conducting activities pursuant to this exception and includes a description of the activities.
Prohibits a group health plan from requesting, requiring, or purchasing genetic information:
(1) for underwriting purposes; or
(2) with respect to any individual prior to such individual's enrollment in connection with such enrollment (provides that incidentally obtains such information is not a violation).
Applies such prohibitions to all group health plans, including small group health plans.
Provides that any reference to genetic information concerning an individual or family member includes genetic information of:
(1) a fetus carried by a pregnant woman; and
(2) an embryo legally held by an individual or family member utilizing an assisted reproductive technology.
Authorizes a penalty against any sponsor of a group health plan for any failure to meet requirements of this Act. Allows a waiver or limitation on such penalty if the failure was not discovered after exercising reasonable diligence or was due to reasonable cause.
(Sec. 102) Amends the PHSA to prohibit:
(1) a health insurance issuer offering health insurance coverage in the individual market from establishing eligibility rules for enrollment based on genetic information;
(2) discrimination on the basis of genetic information for health insurance offered in the individual market in the same manner as such discrimination is prohibited for group coverage; and
(3) the imposition by a health insurance issuer offering health insurance coverage in the individual market of a preexisting condition exclusion on the basis of genetic information.
Applies such requirements to nonfederal governmental plans.
(Sec. 104) Amends title XVIII (Medicare) of the Social Security Act (SSA) to prohibit an issuer of a Medicare supplemental policy, on the basis of genetic information, from:
(1) denying or conditioning the issuance or effectiveness of the policy, including the imposition of any exclusion of benefits based on a preexisting condition; or
(2) discriminating in the pricing of the policy, including the adjustment of premium rates.
Prohibits an issuer of a Medicare supplemental policy from:
(1) requesting or requiring an individual or a family member to undergo a genetic test; or
(2) requesting, requiring, or purchasing genetic information for underwriting purposes or for any individual prior to enrollment.
(Sec. 105) Amends title XI (General Provisions, Peer Review, and Administrative Simplification) of SSA to require the Secretary of Health and Human Services to revise Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) privacy regulations to:
(1) treat genetic information as health information; and
(2) prohibit the use or disclosure by a group health plan, health insurance coverage, or Medicare supplemental policy of genetic information about an individual for underwriting purposes.
(Sec. 106) Requires the Secretaries of Health and Human Services, Labor, and the Treasury to ensure that their regulations, rulings, and interpretations under this title are administered so as to have the same effect at all times and that they adopt a coordinated enforcement strategy.
Title II: Prohibiting Employment Discrimination on the Basis of Genetic Information -
(Sec. 202) Prohibits, as an unlawful employment practice, an employer, employment agency, labor organization, or joint labor-management committee from discriminating against an employee, individual, or member because of genetic information, including:
(1) for an employer, by failing to hire or discharging an employee or otherwise discriminating against an employee with respect to the compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment;
(2) for an employment agency, by failing or refusing to refer an individual for employment;
(3) for a labor organization, by excluding or expelling a member from the organization;
(4) for an employment agency, labor organization, or joint labor-management committee, by causing or attempting to cause an employer to discriminate against a member in violation of this Act; or
(5) for an employer, labor organization, or joint labor-management committee, by discriminating against an individual in admission to, or employment in, any program established to provide apprenticeships or other training or retraining.
Prohibits, as an unlawful employment practice, an employer, employment agency, labor organization, or joint labor-management committee from limiting, segregating, or classifying employees, individuals, or members because of genetic information in any way that would deprive or tend to deprive such individuals of employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect their status as employees.
Prohibits, as an unlawful employment practice, an employer, employment agency, labor organization, or joint labor-management committee from requesting, requiring, or purchasing an employee's genetic information, except for certain purposes, which include where:
(1) such information is requested or required to comply with certification requirements of family and medical leave laws;
(2) the information involved is to be used for genetic monitoring of the biological effects of toxic substances in the workplace; and
(3) the employer conducts DNA analysis for law enforcement purposes as a forensic laboratory or for purposes of human remains identification.
(Sec. 206) Requires an employer, employment agency, labor organization, or joint labor-management committee that possesses any genetic information about an employee or member to maintain such information in separate files and treat such information as a confidential medical record.
Prohibits an employer, employment agency, labor organization, or joint labor-management committee from disclosing such genetic information, except:
(1) to the employee or member upon request;
(2) to an occupational or other health researcher;
(3) in response to a court order;
(4) to a government official investigating compliance with this Act if the information is relevant to the investigation;
(5) in connection with the employee's compliance with the certification provisions of the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 or such requirements under state family and medical leave laws; or
(6) to a public health agency.
(Sec. 207) Sets forth provisions regarding enforcement of this Act.
(Sec. 208) Provides that disparate impact on the basis of genetic information does not establish a cause of action under this Act.
Establishes the Genetic Nondiscrimination Study Commission six years after enactment of this Act to review the developing science of genetics and to make recommendations to Congress regarding whether to provide a disparate impact cause of action under this Act. Authorizes appropriations to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to carry out this section.
(Sec. 212) Authorizes appropriations.
Title III: Miscellaneous Provisions -
(Sec. 301) Provides that if any provision of this Act, an amendment made by this Act, or the application of such provision or amendment to any person or circumstance is held to be unconstitutional, the remainder of this Act shall not be affected.
(Sec. 302) Amends the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 to increase the maximum employer penalty for violations involving oppressive child labor provisions or certain child labor safety requirements. Establishes an additional civil penalty for any such violation that causes the death or serious injury of an employee under the age of 18, which may be doubled for a repeated or willful violation.
Defines "serious injury" as:
(1) permanent loss or substantial impairment of one of the senses or of the function of a bodily member, organ, or mental faculty; or
(2) permanent paralysis or substantial impairment that causes loss of movement or mobility of a body part.
Increases the maximum civil penalty for any repeated or willful violation of minimum wage or maximum hours requirements.
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Sponsor
- Rep. Louise Slaughter [D, NY-28]
- and 224 Co-Sponsors
- Rep. Neil Abercrombie [D, HI-1]
- Rep. Gary Ackerman [D, NY-5]
- Rep. Rodney Alexander [R, LA-5]
- Rep. Thomas Allen [D, ME-1]
- Rep. Jason Altmire [D, PA-4]
- Rep. Spencer Bachus [R, AL-6]
- Rep. Richard Baker [R, LA-6]
- Rep. Tammy Baldwin [D, WI-2]
- Rep. Roscoe Bartlett [R, MD-6]
- Rep. Melissa Bean [D, IL-8]
- Rep. Shelley Berkley [D, NV-1]
- Rep. Howard Berman [D, CA-28]
- Rep. Robert Berry [D, AR-1]
- Rep. Judy Biggert [R, IL-13]
- Rep. Gus Bilirakis [R, FL-9]
- Rep. Timothy Bishop [D, NY-1]
- Rep. Marsha Blackburn [R, TN-7]
- Rep. Earl Blumenauer [D, OR-3]
- Rep. Mary Bono Mack [R, CA-45]
- Rep. Frederick Boucher [D, VA-9]
- Rep. Charles Boustany [R, LA-7]
- Rep. Henry Brown [R, SC-1]
- Rep. Virginia Brown-Waite [R, FL-5]
- Rep. Dan Burton [R, IN-5]
- Rep. George Butterfield [D, NC-1]
- Rep. Ken Calvert [R, CA-44]
- Rep. Shelley Capito [R, WV-2]
- Rep. Lois Capps [D, CA-23]
- Rep. Michael Capuano [D, MA-8]
- Rep. Michael Castle [R, DE-0]
- Rep. Kathy Castor [D, FL-11]
- Rep. Steven Chabot [R, OH-1]
- Rep. Ben Chandler [D, KY-6]
- Rep. William Clay [D, MO-1]
- Rep. Emanuel Cleaver [D, MO-5]
- Rep. Steve Cohen [D, TN-9]
- Rep. Tom Cole [R, OK-4]
- Rep. K. Michael Conaway [R, TX-11]
- Rep. John Conyers [D, MI-14]
- Rep. Jim Cooper [D, TN-5]
- Rep. Jerry Costello [D, IL-12]
- Rep. Joe Courtney [D, CT-2]
- Rep. Robert Cramer [D, AL-5]
- Rep. Joseph Crowley [D, NY-7]
- Rep. Elijah Cummings [D, MD-7]
- Rep. Geoff Davis [R, KY-4]
- Rep. Susan Davis [D, CA-53]
- Rep. Thomas Davis [R, VA-11]
- Rep. Jo Ann Davis [R, VA-1]
- Rep. Danny Davis [D, IL-7]
- Rep. Artur Davis [D, AL-7]
- Rep. Peter DeFazio [D, OR-4]
- Rep. Diana DeGette [D, CO-1]
- Rep. Rosa DeLauro [D, CT-3]
- Rep. Norman Dicks [D, WA-6]
- Rep. John Dingell [D, MI-15]
- Rep. Lloyd Doggett [D, TX-25]
- Rep. Michael Doyle [D, PA-14]
- Rep. Thelma Drake [R, VA-2]
- Rep. John Duncan [R, TN-2]
- Rep. Vernon Ehlers [R, MI-3]
- Rep. Rahm Emanuel [D, IL-5]
- Rep. Jo Ann Emerson [R, MO-8]
- Rep. Eliot Engel [D, NY-17]
- Rep. Philip English [R, PA-3]
- Rep. Anna Eshoo [D, CA-14]
- Rep. Bob Etheridge [D, NC-2]
- Rep. Sam Farr [D, CA-17]
- Rep. Chaka Fattah [D, PA-2]
- Rep. Tom Feeney [R, FL-24]
- Rep. Michael Ferguson [R, NJ-7]
- Rep. Barney Frank [D, MA-4]
- Rep. Rodney Frelinghuysen [R, NJ-11]
- Rep. Elton Gallegly [R, CA-24]
- Rep. Jim Gerlach [R, PA-6]
- Rep. Wayne Gilchrest [R, MD-1]
- Rep. Paul Gillmor [R, OH-5]
- Rep. Louis Gohmert [R, TX-1]
- Rep. Charles Gonzalez [D, TX-20]
- Rep. Barton Gordon [D, TN-6]
- Rep. Kay Granger [R, TX-12]
- Rep. Raymond Green [D, TX-29]
- Rep. Raul Grijalva [D, AZ-7]
- Rep. Ralph Hall [R, TX-4]
- Rep. Phil Hare [D, IL-17]
- Rep. Jane Harman [D, CA-36]
- Rep. Doc Hastings [R, WA-4]
- Rep. Walter Herger [R, CA-2]
- Rep. Stephanie Herseth Sandlin [D, SD-0]
- Rep. Brian Higgins [D, NY-27]
- Rep. Baron Hill [D, IN-9]
- Rep. Maurice Hinchey [D, NY-22]
- Rep. Rubén Hinojosa [D, TX-15]
- Rep. Mazie Hirono [D, HI-2]
- Rep. David Hobson [R, OH-7]
- Rep. Peter Hoekstra [R, MI-2]
- Rep. Rush Holt [D, NJ-12]
- Rep. Darlene Hooley [D, OR-5]
- Rep. Steny Hoyer [D, MD-5]
- Rep. Duncan Hunter [R, CA-52]
- Rep. Jay Inslee [D, WA-1]
- Rep. Steve Israel [D, NY-2]
- Rep. Bobby Jindal [R, LA-1]
- Rep. Timothy Johnson [R, IL-15]
- Rep. Walter Jones [R, NC-3]
- Rep. Paul Kanjorski [D, PA-11]
- Rep. Patrick Kennedy [D, RI-1]
- Rep. Dale Kildee [D, MI-5]
- Rep. Ronald Kind [D, WI-3]
- Rep. Peter King [R, NY-3]
- Rep. Mark Kirk [R, IL-10]
- Rep. Dennis Kucinich [D, OH-10]
- Rep. John Kuhl [R, NY-29]
- Rep. Ray LaHood [R, IL-18]
- Rep. James Langevin [D, RI-2]
- Rep. John Larson [D, CT-1]
- Rep. Thomas Latham [R, IA-4]
- Rep. Steven LaTourette [R, OH-14]
- Rep. Sander Levin [D, MI-12]
- Rep. Ron Lewis [R, KY-2]
- Rep. John Lewis [D, GA-5]
- Rep. Daniel Lipinski [D, IL-3]
- Rep. Frank LoBiondo [R, NJ-2]
- Rep. David Loebsack [D, IA-2]
- Rep. Zoe Lofgren [D, CA-16]
- Rep. Nita Lowey [D, NY-18]
- Rep. Frank Lucas [R, OK-3]
- Rep. Carolyn Maloney [D, NY-14]
- Rep. Donald Manzullo [R, IL-16]
- Rep. Kenny Marchant [R, TX-24]
- Rep. Edward Markey [D, MA-7]
- Rep. Jim Matheson [D, UT-2]
- Rep. Carolyn McCarthy [D, NY-4]
- Rep. Michael McCaul [R, TX-10]
- Rep. Betty McCollum [D, MN-4]
- Rep. Thaddeus McCotter [R, MI-11]
- Rep. James McDermott [D, WA-7]
- Rep. James McGovern [D, MA-3]
- Rep. John McHugh [R, NY-23]
- Rep. Michael McNulty [D, NY-21]
- Rep. Martin Meehan [D, MA-5]
- Rep. Charles Melancon [D, LA-3]
- Rep. John Mica [R, FL-7]
- Rep. George Miller [D, CA-7]
- Rep. R. Bradley Miller [D, NC-13]
- Rep. Dennis Moore [D, KS-3]
- Rep. James Moran [D, VA-8]
- Rep. John Murtha [D, PA-12]
- Rep. Marilyn Musgrave [R, CO-4]
- Rep. Sue Myrick [R, NC-9]
- Rep. Randy Neugebauer [R, TX-19]
- Rep. Eleanor Norton [D, DC-0]
- Rep. Charles Norwood [R, GA-10]
- Rep. James Oberstar [D, MN-8]
- Rep. David Obey [D, WI-7]
- Rep. John Olver [D, MA-1]
- Rep. Frank Pallone [D, NJ-6]
- Rep. William Pascrell [D, NJ-8]
- Rep. Donald Payne [D, NJ-10]
- Rep. Steven Pearce [R, NM-2]
- Rep. Charles Pickering [R, MS-3]
- Rep. Joseph Pitts [R, PA-16]
- Rep. Todd Platts [R, PA-19]
- Rep. Ted Poe [R, TX-2]
- Rep. Jon Porter [R, NV-3]
- Rep. David Price [D, NC-4]
- Rep. Deborah Pryce [R, OH-15]
- Rep. Adam Putnam [R, FL-12]
- Rep. James Ramstad [R, MN-3]
- Rep. Charles Rangel [D, NY-15]
- Rep. Ralph Regula [R, OH-16]
- Rep. Dave Reichert [R, WA-8]
- Rep. Thomas Reynolds [R, NY-26]
- Rep. Peter Roskam [R, IL-6]
- Rep. Ileana Ros-Lehtinen [R, FL-18]
- Rep. Mike Ross [D, AR-4]
- Rep. Steven Rothman [D, NJ-9]
- Rep. Bobby Rush [D, IL-1]
- Rep. Paul Ryan [R, WI-1]
- Rep. Linda Sanchez [D, CA-39]
- Rep. H. James Saxton [R, NJ-3]
- Rep. Janice Schakowsky [D, IL-9]
- Rep. Adam Schiff [D, CA-29]
- Rep. Allyson Schwartz [D, PA-13]
- Rep. Robert Scott [D, VA-3]
- Rep. Peter Sessions [R, TX-32]
- Rep. Joe Sestak [D, PA-7]
- Rep. Christopher Shays [R, CT-4]
- Rep. Carol Shea-Porter [D, NH-1]
- Rep. Brad Sherman [D, CA-27]
- Rep. Michael Simpson [R, ID-2]
- Rep. Hilda Solis [D, CA-32]
- Rep. Mark Souder [R, IN-3]
- Rep. John Spratt [D, SC-5]
- Rep. Fortney Stark [D, CA-13]
- Rep. Bart Stupak [D, MI-1]
- Rep. Betty Sutton [D, OH-13]
- Rep. Thomas Tancredo [R, CO-6]
- Rep. Ellen Tauscher [D, CA-10]
- Rep. C. Michael Thompson [D, CA-1]
- Rep. Patrick Tiberi [R, OH-12]
- Rep. John Tierney [D, MA-6]
- Rep. Edolphus Towns [D, NY-10]
- Rep. Tom Udall [D, NM-3]
- Rep. Mark Udall [D, CO-2]
- Rep. Frederick Upton [R, MI-6]
- Rep. Christopher Van Hollen [D, MD-8]
- Rep. Greg Walden [R, OR-2]
- Rep. James Walsh [R, NY-25]
- Rep. Zach Wamp [R, TN-3]
- Rep. Diane Watson [D, CA-33]
- Rep. Henry Waxman [D, CA-30]
- Rep. Anthony Weiner [D, NY-9]
- Rep. Gerald Weller [R, IL-11]
- Rep. Robert Wexler [D, FL-19]
- Rep. Edward Whitfield [R, KY-1]
- Rep. Roger Wicker [R, MS-1]
- Rep. Addison Wilson [R, SC-2]
- Rep. Frank Wolf [R, VA-10]
- Rep. Lynn Woolsey [D, CA-6]
- Rep. David Wu [D, OR-1]
- Rep. Albert Wynn [D, MD-4]
- Rep. John Yarmuth [D, KY-3]
- Rep. C. W. Bill Young [R, FL-10]
Committees
Amendments
This bill has 1 amendments. See All AmendmentsHide All Amendments
Amendments to H.R.493
| Number | Status | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| S.Amdt.4573 | Pass | In the nature of a substitute. |
Bill Status
(Close help)
| Introduced | ![]() | Voted on by House | ![]() | Voted on by Senate | ![]() | Considered By President | ![]() | This Bill Has Become Law |
| January 16, 2007 | April 25, 2007 | April 24, 2008 | May 21, 2008 | May 21, 2008 |
Latest Vote
| May 01, 2008Roll call number 234 in the House | |||
| Question: On Motion to Agree to the Senate Amendment: H R 493 Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 | |||
| Required percentage of 'Aye' votes: 1/2 (50%) | Percentage of 'aye' votes: 96% | Result: Passed | |
Democrats Voting 'Aye'
Rep. Neil Abercrombie [D, HI-1]Rep. Gary Ackerman [D, NY-5]
Rep. Thomas Allen [D, ME-1]
Rep. Jason Altmire [D, PA-4]
Rep. Robert Andrews [D, NJ-1]
Rep. Michael Arcuri [D, NY-24]
Rep. Joe Baca [D, CA-43]
Rep. Brian Baird [D, WA-3]
Rep. Tammy Baldwin [D, WI-2]
Rep. Melissa Bean [D, IL-8]
Rep. Xavier Becerra [D, CA-31]
Rep. Shelley Berkley [D, NV-1]
Rep. Howard Berman [D, CA-28]
Rep. Robert Berry [D, AR-1]
Rep. Sanford Bishop [D, GA-2]
Rep. Timothy Bishop [D, NY-1]
Rep. Earl Blumenauer [D, OR-3]
Rep. Dan Boren [D, OK-2]
Rep. Leonard Boswell [D, IA-3]
Rep. Frederick Boucher [D, VA-9]
Rep. F. Allen Boyd [D, FL-2]
Rep. Nancy Boyda [D, KS-2]
Rep. Robert Brady [D, PA-1]
Rep. Bruce Braley [D, IA-1]
Rep. Corrine Brown [D, FL-3]
Rep. George Butterfield [D, NC-1]
Rep. Lois Capps [D, CA-23]
Rep. Michael Capuano [D, MA-8]
Rep. Dennis Cardoza [D, CA-18]
Rep. Russ Carnahan [D, MO-3]
Rep. Christopher Carney [D, PA-10]
Rep. André Carson [D, IN-7]
Rep. Kathy Castor [D, FL-11]
Rep. Ben Chandler [D, KY-6]
Rep. Yvette Clarke [D, NY-11]
Rep. William Clay [D, MO-1]
Rep. Emanuel Cleaver [D, MO-5]
Rep. James Clyburn [D, SC-6]
Rep. Steve Cohen [D, TN-9]
Rep. John Conyers [D, MI-14]
Rep. Jim Cooper [D, TN-5]
Rep. Jim Costa [D, CA-20]
Rep. Jerry Costello [D, IL-12]
Rep. Joe Courtney [D, CT-2]
Rep. Robert Cramer [D, AL-5]
Rep. Joseph Crowley [D, NY-7]
Rep. Henry Cuellar [D, TX-28]
Rep. Elijah Cummings [D, MD-7]
Rep. Artur Davis [D, AL-7]
Rep. Danny Davis [D, IL-7]
Rep. Lincoln Davis [D, TN-4]
Rep. Susan Davis [D, CA-53]
Rep. Peter DeFazio [D, OR-4]
Rep. Diana DeGette [D, CO-1]
Rep. William Delahunt [D, MA-10]
Rep. Rosa DeLauro [D, CT-3]
Rep. Norman Dicks [D, WA-6]
Rep. John Dingell [D, MI-15]
Rep. Joe Donnelly [D, IN-2]
Rep. Michael Doyle [D, PA-14]
Rep. Thomas Edwards [D, TX-17]
Rep. Keith Ellison [D, MN-5]
Rep. Brad Ellsworth [D, IN-8]
Rep. Rahm Emanuel [D, IL-5]
Rep. Eliot Engel [D, NY-17]
Rep. Anna Eshoo [D, CA-14]
Rep. Bob Etheridge [D, NC-2]
Rep. Sam Farr [D, CA-17]
Rep. Chaka Fattah [D, PA-2]
Rep. Bob Filner [D, CA-51]
Rep. Bill Foster [D, IL-14]
Rep. Barney Frank [D, MA-4]
Rep. Gabrielle Giffords [D, AZ-8]
Rep. Kirsten Gillibrand [D, NY-20]
Rep. Charles Gonzalez [D, TX-20]
Rep. Barton Gordon [D, TN-6]
Rep. Raymond Green [D, TX-29]
Rep. Al Green [D, TX-9]
Rep. Raul Grijalva [D, AZ-7]
Rep. Luis Gutierrez [D, IL-4]
Rep. John Hall [D, NY-19]
Rep. Phil Hare [D, IL-17]
Rep. Jane Harman [D, CA-36]
Rep. Alcee Hastings [D, FL-23]
Rep. Stephanie Herseth Sandlin [D, SD-0]
Rep. Brian Higgins [D, NY-27]
Rep. Baron Hill [D, IN-9]
Rep. Maurice Hinchey [D, NY-22]
Rep. Rubén Hinojosa [D, TX-15]
Rep. Mazie Hirono [D, HI-2]
Rep. Paul Hodes [D, NH-2]
Rep. Tim Holden [D, PA-17]
Rep. Rush Holt [D, NJ-12]
Rep. Darlene Hooley [D, OR-5]
Rep. Steny Hoyer [D, MD-5]
Rep. Jay Inslee [D, WA-1]
Rep. Jesse Jackson [D, IL-2]
Rep. Sheila Jackson-Lee [D, TX-18]
Rep. William Jefferson [D, LA-2]
Rep. Eddie Johnson [D, TX-30]
Rep. Henry Johnson [D, GA-4]
Rep. Steve Kagen [D, WI-8]
Rep. Paul Kanjorski [D, PA-11]
Rep. Marcy Kaptur [D, OH-9]
Rep. Patrick Kennedy [D, RI-1]
Rep. Dale Kildee [D, MI-5]
Rep. Carolyn Kilpatrick [D, MI-13]
Rep. Ronald Kind [D, WI-3]
Rep. Ron Klein [D, FL-22]
Rep. Dennis Kucinich [D, OH-10]
Rep. Nicholas Lampson [D, TX-22]
Rep. James Langevin [D, RI-2]
Rep. Rick Larsen [D, WA-2]
Rep. John Larson [D, CT-1]
Rep. Barbara Lee [D, CA-9]
Rep. Sander Levin [D, MI-12]
Rep. John Lewis [D, GA-5]
Rep. Daniel Lipinski [D, IL-3]
Rep. David Loebsack [D, IA-2]
Rep. Zoe Lofgren [D, CA-16]
Rep. Nita Lowey [D, NY-18]
Rep. Stephen Lynch [D, MA-9]
Rep. Tim Mahoney [D, FL-16]
Rep. Carolyn Maloney [D, NY-14]
Rep. Edward Markey [D, MA-7]
Rep. James Marshall [D, GA-8]
Rep. Jim Matheson [D, UT-2]
Rep. Doris Matsui [D, CA-5]
Rep. Carolyn McCarthy [D, NY-4]
Rep. Betty McCollum [D, MN-4]
Rep. James McDermott [D, WA-7]
Rep. James McGovern [D, MA-3]
Rep. Mike McIntyre [D, NC-7]
Rep. Jerry McNerney [D, CA-11]
Rep. Michael McNulty [D, NY-21]
Rep. Kendrick Meek [D, FL-17]
Rep. Gregory Meeks [D, NY-6]
Rep. Charles Melancon [D, LA-3]
Rep. Michael Michaud [D, ME-2]
Rep. George Miller [D, CA-7]
Rep. R. Bradley Miller [D, NC-13]
Rep. Harry Mitchell [D, AZ-5]
Rep. Alan Mollohan [D, WV-1]
Rep. Dennis Moore [D, KS-3]
Rep. Gwen Moore [D, WI-4]
Rep. James Moran [D, VA-8]
Rep. Christopher Murphy [D, CT-5]
Rep. Patrick Murphy [D, PA-8]
Rep. John Murtha [D, PA-12]
Rep. Jerrold Nadler [D, NY-8]
Rep. Grace Napolitano [D, CA-38]
Rep. Richard Neal [D, MA-2]
Rep. James Oberstar [D, MN-8]
Rep. David Obey [D, WI-7]
Rep. John Olver [D, MA-1]
Rep. Solomon Ortiz [D, TX-27]
Rep. Frank Pallone [D, NJ-6]
Rep. William Pascrell [D, NJ-8]
Rep. Edward Pastor [D, AZ-4]
Rep. Ed Perlmutter [D, CO-7]
Rep. Collin Peterson [D, MN-7]
Rep. Earl Pomeroy [D, ND-0]
Rep. David Price [D, NC-4]
Rep. Nick Rahall [D, WV-3]
Rep. Charles Rangel [D, NY-15]
Rep. Silvestre Reyes [D, TX-16]
Rep. Laura Richardson [D, CA-37]
Rep. Ciro Rodriguez [D, TX-23]
Rep. Mike Ross [D, AR-4]
Rep. Steven Rothman [D, NJ-9]
Rep. Lucille Roybal-Allard [D, CA-34]
Rep. C.A. Dutch Ruppersberger [D, MD-2]
Rep. Timothy Ryan [D, OH-17]
Rep. John Salazar [D, CO-3]
Rep. Linda Sanchez [D, CA-39]
Rep. Loretta Sanchez [D, CA-47]
Rep. John Sarbanes [D, MD-3]
Rep. Janice Schakowsky [D, IL-9]
Rep. Adam Schiff [D, CA-29]
Rep. Allyson Schwartz [D, PA-13]
Rep. David Scott [D, GA-13]
Rep. Robert Scott [D, VA-3]
Rep. José Serrano [D, NY-16]
Rep. Joe Sestak [D, PA-7]
Rep. Carol Shea-Porter [D, NH-1]
Rep. Brad Sherman [D, CA-27]
Rep. Heath Shuler [D, NC-11]
Rep. Albio Sires [D, NJ-13]
Rep. Ike Skelton [D, MO-4]
Rep. Louise Slaughter [D, NY-28]
Rep. Adam Smith [D, WA-9]
Rep. Victor Snyder [D, AR-2]
Rep. Hilda Solis [D, CA-32]
Rep. Zackary Space [D, OH-18]
Rep. Jackie Speier [D, CA-12]
Rep. John Spratt [D, SC-5]
Rep. Fortney Stark [D, CA-13]
Rep. Bart Stupak [D, MI-1]
Rep. Betty Sutton [D, OH-13]
Rep. John Tanner [D, TN-8]
Rep. Ellen Tauscher [D, CA-10]
Rep. Gene Taylor [D, MS-4]
Rep. Bennie Thompson [D, MS-2]
Rep. C. Michael Thompson [D, CA-1]
Rep. John Tierney [D, MA-6]
Rep. Edolphus Towns [D, NY-10]
Rep. Niki Tsongas [D, MA-5]
Rep. Mark Udall [D, CO-2]
Rep. Tom Udall [D, NM-3]
Rep. Christopher Van Hollen [D, MD-8]
Rep. Nydia Velazquez [D, NY-12]
Rep. Peter Visclosky [D, IN-1]
Rep. Timothy Walz [D, MN-1]
Rep. Debbie Wasserman Schultz [D, FL-20]
Rep. Maxine Waters [D, CA-35]
Rep. Diane Watson [D, CA-33]
Rep. Melvin Watt [D, NC-12]
Rep. Henry Waxman [D, CA-30]
Rep. Anthony Weiner [D, NY-9]
Rep. Peter Welch [D, VT-0]
Rep. Robert Wexler [D, FL-19]
Rep. Charles Wilson [D, OH-6]
Rep. Lynn Woolsey [D, CA-6]
Rep. David Wu [D, OR-1]
Rep. Albert Wynn [D, MD-4]
Rep. John Yarmuth [D, KY-3]
Republicans Voting 'Aye'
Rep. Robert Aderholt [R, AL-4]Rep. W. Todd Akin [R, MO-2]
Rep. Rodney Alexander [R, LA-5]
Rep. Michele Bachmann [R, MN-6]
Rep. Spencer Bachus [R, AL-6]
Rep. James Barrett [R, SC-3]
Rep. Roscoe Bartlett [R, MD-6]
Rep. Joe Barton [R, TX-6]
Rep. Judy Biggert [R, IL-13]
Rep. Brian Bilbray [R, CA-50]
Rep. Gus Bilirakis [R, FL-9]
Rep. Rob Bishop [R, UT-1]
Rep. Roy Blunt [R, MO-7]
Rep. John Boehner [R, OH-8]
Rep. Jo Bonner [R, AL-1]
Rep. Mary Bono Mack [R, CA-45]
Rep. John Boozman [R, AR-3]
Rep. Charles Boustany [R, LA-7]
Rep. Kevin Brady [R, TX-8]
Rep. Paul Broun [R, GA-10]
Rep. Henry Brown [R, SC-1]
Rep. Virginia Brown-Waite [R, FL-5]
Rep. Vern Buchanan [R, FL-13]
Rep. Dan Burton [R, IN-5]
Rep. Stephen Buyer [R, IN-4]
Rep. Ken Calvert [R, CA-44]
Rep. David Camp [R, MI-4]
Rep. John Campbell [R, CA-48]
Rep. Christopher Cannon [R, UT-3]
Rep. Eric Cantor [R, VA-7]
Rep. Shelley Capito [R, WV-2]
Rep. John Carter [R, TX-31]
Rep. Michael Castle [R, DE-0]
Rep. Steven Chabot [R, OH-1]
Rep. Howard Coble [R, NC-6]
Rep. Tom Cole [R, OK-4]
Rep. K. Michael Conaway [R, TX-11]
Rep. Ander Crenshaw [R, FL-4]
Rep. John Culberson [R, TX-7]
Rep. Thomas Davis [R, VA-11]
Rep. Geoff Davis [R, KY-4]
Rep. David Davis [R, TN-1]
Rep. Charles Dent [R, PA-15]
Rep. Lincoln Diaz-Balart [R, FL-21]
Rep. Mario Diaz-Balart [R, FL-25]
Rep. John Doolittle [R, CA-4]
Rep. Thelma Drake [R, VA-2]
Rep. David Dreier [R, CA-26]
Rep. John Duncan [R, TN-2]
Rep. Vernon Ehlers [R, MI-3]
Rep. Jo Ann Emerson [R, MO-8]
Rep. Philip English [R, PA-3]
Rep. Terry Everett [R, AL-2]
Rep. Mary Fallin [R, OK-5]
Rep. Tom Feeney [R, FL-24]
Rep. Michael Ferguson [R, NJ-7]
Rep. Jeff Flake [R, AZ-6]
Rep. Jeffrey Fortenberry [R, NE-1]
Rep. Virginia Foxx [R, NC-5]
Rep. Trent Franks [R, AZ-2]
Rep. Rodney Frelinghuysen [R, NJ-11]
Rep. Elton Gallegly [R, CA-24]
Rep. E. Scott Garrett [R, NJ-5]
Rep. Jim Gerlach [R, PA-6]
Rep. Wayne Gilchrest [R, MD-1]
Rep. John Gingrey [R, GA-11]
Rep. Virgil Goode [R, VA-5]
Rep. Robert Goodlatte [R, VA-6]
Rep. Kay Granger [R, TX-12]
Rep. Samuel Graves [R, MO-6]
Rep. Ralph Hall [R, TX-4]
Rep. Doc Hastings [R, WA-4]
Rep. Robin Hayes [R, NC-8]
Rep. Dean Heller [R, NV-2]
Rep. Jeb Hensarling [R, TX-5]
Rep. Walter Herger [R, CA-2]
Rep. David Hobson [R, OH-7]
Rep. Peter Hoekstra [R, MI-2]
Rep. Kenny Hulshof [R, MO-9]
Rep. Duncan Hunter [R, CA-52]
Rep. Bob Inglis [R, SC-4]
Rep. Darrell Issa [R, CA-49]
Rep. Samuel Johnson [R, TX-3]
Rep. Timothy Johnson [R, IL-15]
Rep. Walter Jones [R, NC-3]
Rep. Jim Jordan [R, OH-4]
Rep. Ric Keller [R, FL-8]
Rep. Peter King [R, NY-3]
Rep. Steve King [R, IA-5]
Rep. Jack Kingston [R, GA-1]
Rep. Mark Kirk [R, IL-10]
Rep. John Kline [R, MN-2]
Rep. Joseph Knollenberg [R, MI-9]
Rep. John Kuhl [R, NY-29]
Rep. Doug Lamborn [R, CO-5]
Rep. Thomas Latham [R, IA-4]
Rep. Steven LaTourette [R, OH-14]
Rep. Robert Latta [R, OH-5]
Rep. Jerry Lewis [R, CA-41]
Rep. Ron Lewis [R, KY-2]
Rep. John Linder [R, GA-7]
Rep. Frank LoBiondo [R, NJ-2]
Rep. Frank Lucas [R, OK-3]
Rep. Daniel Lungren [R, CA-3]
Rep. Connie Mack [R, FL-14]
Rep. Donald Manzullo [R, IL-16]
Rep. Kenny Marchant [R, TX-24]
Rep. Kevin McCarthy [R, CA-22]
Rep. Michael McCaul [R, TX-10]
Rep. Thaddeus McCotter [R, MI-11]
Rep. James McCrery [R, LA-4]
Rep. Patrick Mchenry [R, NC-10]
Rep. John McHugh [R, NY-23]
Rep. Howard McKeon [R, CA-25]
Rep. Cathy McMorris Rodgers [R, WA-5]
Rep. John Mica [R, FL-7]
Rep. Candice Miller [R, MI-10]
Rep. Gary Miller [R, CA-42]
Rep. Jeff Miller [R, FL-1]
Rep. Jerry Moran [R, KS-1]
Rep. Tim Murphy [R, PA-18]
Rep. Marilyn Musgrave [R, CO-4]
Rep. Sue Myrick [R, NC-9]
Rep. Randy Neugebauer [R, TX-19]
Rep. Devin Nunes [R, CA-21]
Rep. Steven Pearce [R, NM-2]
Rep. Mike Pence [R, IN-6]
Rep. John Peterson [R, PA-5]
Rep. Thomas Petri [R, WI-6]
Rep. Charles Pickering [R, MS-3]
Rep. Joseph Pitts [R, PA-16]
Rep. Todd Platts [R, PA-19]
Rep. Ted Poe [R, TX-2]
Rep. Jon Porter [R, NV-3]
Rep. Tom Price [R, GA-6]
Rep. Deborah Pryce [R, OH-15]
Rep. Adam Putnam [R, FL-12]
Rep. George Radanovich [R, CA-19]
Rep. James Ramstad [R, MN-3]
Rep. Ralph Regula [R, OH-16]
Rep. Dennis Rehberg [R, MT-0]
Rep. Dave Reichert [R, WA-8]
Rep. Rick Renzi [R, AZ-1]
Rep. Thomas Reynolds [R, NY-26]
Rep. Harold Rogers [R, KY-5]
Rep. Michael Rogers [R, AL-3]
Rep. Michael Rogers [R, MI-8]
Rep. Dana Rohrabacher [R, CA-46]
Rep. Peter Roskam [R, IL-6]
Rep. Ileana Ros-Lehtinen [R, FL-18]
Rep. Edward Royce [R, CA-40]
Rep. Paul Ryan [R, WI-1]
Rep. Bill Sali [R, ID-1]
Rep. H. James Saxton [R, NJ-3]
Rep. Jean Schmidt [R, OH-2]
Rep. F. James Sensenbrenner [R, WI-5]
Rep. Peter Sessions [R, TX-32]
Rep. John Shadegg [R, AZ-3]
Rep. Christopher Shays [R, CT-4]
Rep. John Shimkus [R, IL-19]
Rep. William Shuster [R, PA-9]
Rep. Michael Simpson [R, ID-2]
Rep. Christopher Smith [R, NJ-4]
Rep. Lamar Smith [R, TX-21]
Rep. Adrian Smith [R, NE-3]
Rep. Mark Souder [R, IN-3]
Rep. Clifford Stearns [R, FL-6]
Rep. John Sullivan [R, OK-1]
Rep. Thomas Tancredo [R, CO-6]
Rep. Lee Terry [R, NE-2]
Rep. William Thornberry [R, TX-13]
Rep. Todd Tiahrt [R, KS-4]
Rep. Patrick Tiberi [R, OH-12]
Rep. Michael Turner [R, OH-3]
Rep. Frederick Upton [R, MI-6]
Rep. Timothy Walberg [R, MI-7]
Rep. Greg Walden [R, OR-2]
Rep. James Walsh [R, NY-25]
Rep. Zach Wamp [R, TN-3]
Rep. David Weldon [R, FL-15]
Rep. Gerald Weller [R, IL-11]
Rep. Lynn Westmoreland [R, GA-3]
Rep. Edward Whitfield [R, KY-1]
Rep. Addison Wilson [R, SC-2]
Rep. Rob Wittman [R, VA-1]
Rep. Frank Wolf [R, VA-10]
Rep. C. W. Bill Young [R, FL-10]
Rep. Donald Young [R, AK-0]
Democrats Voting 'Abstain'
Rep. John Barrow [D, GA-12]Rep. Lloyd Doggett [D, TX-25]
Rep. Michael Honda [D, CA-15]
Rep. Steve Israel [D, NY-2]
Rep. Stephanie Jones [D, OH-11]
Rep. Donald Payne [D, NJ-10]
Rep. Bobby Rush [D, IL-1]
Republicans Voting 'Abstain'
Rep. Marsha Blackburn [R, TN-7]Rep. Michael Burgess [R, TX-26]
Rep. Barbara Cubin [R, WY-0]
Rep. Nathan Deal [R, GA-9]
Rep. James Forbes [R, VA-4]
Rep. Vito Fossella [R, NY-13]
Rep. Louis Gohmert [R, TX-1]
Rep. Ray LaHood [R, IL-18]
Rep. Heather Wilson [R, NM-1]
Voting History
| Date | Chamber | Question | Aye | Nay | Result | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| May 01, 2008 | House |
H.R.493 Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 On Motion to Agree to the Senate Amendment: H R 493 Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 |
414 | 1 | Passed | See Vote |
| April 24, 2008 | Senate |
H.R.493 Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 On Passage of the Bill (H.R.493 as Amended ) |
95 | 0 | Bill Passed | See Vote |
| April 25, 2007 | House |
H.R.493 Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 On Motion to Suspend the Rules and Pass, as Amended: H R 493 Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act |
420 | 3 | Passed | See Vote |
All Bill Actions
- Enacted on May 21, 2008. Became Public Law No: 110-233.
- Signed on May 21, 2008.
- May 19, 2008. Presented to President.
- May 01, 2008: On motion that the House agree to the Senate amendment Agreed to by the Yeas and Nays: 414 - 1 (Roll no. 234).
- May 01, 2008: Pursuant to the provisions of H. Con. Res. 340, enrollment corrections on H.R. 493 have been made.
- May 01, 2008: Pursuant to the provisions of H. Con. Res. 493, enrollment corrections on H.R. 493 have been made.
- May 01, 2008: DEBATE - Pursuant to the provisions of H. Res. 1156, the House proceeded with one hour of debate on the George Miller (CA) motion to agree to the Senate amendment to H.R. 493.
- May 01, 2008: Mr. Miller, George moved that the House agree to the Senate amendment.
- May 01, 2008. Cleared for White House.
- Apr 29, 2008: Papers returned to Senate
- Apr 29, 2008: Message on Senate action sent to the House.
- Apr 28, 2008: Message on Senate action sent to the House.
- Apr 28, 2008: Senate requests return of papers with respect to H.R. 493 by Unanimous Consent.
- Apr 24, 2008: Message on Senate action sent to the House.
- Passed roll in the Senate on Apr 24, 2008. Passed Senate with an amendment by Yea-Nay Vote. 95 - 0. Record Vote Number: 113.
- Apr 24, 2008: Measure laid before Senate by unanimous consent.
- Passed roll in the Senate on Apr 24, 2008. Passed Senate HR 493 with an amendment by Yea-Nay Vote. 95 - 0. Record Vote Number: 113.
- Added to calendar on Apr 30, 2007: Read the second time. Placed on Senate Legislative Calendar under General Orders. Calendar No. 125..
- Apr 26, 2007: Received in the Senate. Read the first time. Placed on Senate Legislative Calendar under Read the First Time.
- Passed roll in the House on Apr 25, 2007. On motion to suspend the rules and pass the bill, as amended Agreed to by the Yeas and Nays: (2/3 required): 420 - 3 (Roll no. 261).
- Apr 25, 2007: Considered as unfinished business.
- Apr 25, 2007: At the conclusion of debate, the Yeas and Nays were demanded and ordered. Pursuant to the provisions of clause 8, rule XX, the Chair announced that further proceedings on the motion would be postponed.
- Apr 25, 2007: DEBATE - The House proceeded with forty minutes of debate on H.R. 493.
- Apr 25, 2007: Considered under suspension of the rules.
- Apr 25, 2007: Mr. Miller, George moved to suspend the rules and pass the bill, as amended.
- Apr 19, 2007: Supplemental report filed by the Committee on Energy and Commerce, H. Rept. 110-28, Part IV.
- Added to calendar on Mar 29, 2007: Placed on the Union Calendar, Calendar No. 46..
- Mar 29, 2007: Reported (Amended) by the Committee on Energy and Commerce. H. Rept. 110-28, Part III.
- Mar 26, 2007: House Committee on Energy and Commerce Granted an extension for further consideration ending not later than March 29, 2007.
- Mar 26, 2007: Reported (Amended) by the Committee on Ways and Means. H. Rept. 110-28, Part II.
- Mar 23, 2007: House Committee on Ways and Means Granted an extension for further consideration ending not later than March 26, 2007.
- Mar 23, 2007: House Committee on Energy and Commerce Granted an extension for further consideration ending not later than March 26, 2007.
- Added to calendar on Mar 23, 2007: Ordered to be Reported (Amended) by Voice Vote..
- Mar 23, 2007: Committee Consideration and Mark-up Session Held.
- Mar 23, 2007: Ordered to be Reported (Amended).
- Added to calendar on Mar 23, 2007: Ordered to be Reported (Amended)..
- Mar 22, 2007: Committee Consideration and Mark-up Session Held.
- Added to calendar on Mar 21, 2007: Ordered to be Reported (Amended) by Voice Vote..
- Mar 21, 2007: Committee Consideration and Mark-up Session Held.
- Mar 21, 2007: Ordered to be Reported (Amended) by Voice Vote.
- Mar 13, 2007: Forwarded by Subcommittee to Full Committee (Amended) by Voice Vote .
- Mar 13, 2007: Subcommittee Consideration and Mark-up Session Held.
- Mar 08, 2007: Subcommittee Hearings Held.
- Mar 05, 2007: House Committee on Ways and Means Granted an extension for further consideration ending not later than March 23, 2007.
- Mar 05, 2007: House Committee on Energy and Commerce Granted an extension for further consideration ending not later than March 23, 2007.
- Mar 05, 2007: Reported (Amended) by the Committee on Education and Labor. H. Rept. 110-28, Part I.
- Added to calendar on Feb 14, 2007: Ordered to be Reported (Amended) by Voice Vote..
- Feb 14, 2007: Committee Consideration and Mark-up Session Held.
- Feb 14, 2007: Ordered to be Reported (Amended) by Voice Vote.
- Feb 02, 2007: Referred to the Subcommittee on Health.
- Jan 18, 2007: Referred to the Subcommittee on Health.
- Jan 16, 2007: Referred to House Ways and Means
- Jan 16, 2007: Referred to House Energy and Commerce
- Jan 16, 2007: Referred to House Education and Labor
- Jan 16, 2007: Referred to the Committee on Education and Labor, and in addition to the Committees on Energy and Commerce, and Ways and Means, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned.
- Jan 16, 2007: Sponsor introductory remarks on measure. (CR E120-121)
- Introduced on Jan 16, 2007.
- Jan 16, 2007: Introductory remarks on measure. (CR E120-121)
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- Congress
- Congressional reporting requirements
- Damages
- Department of Health and Human Services
- Department of Labor
- Department of the Treasury
- Discrimination in employment
- Discrimination in insurance
- Discrimination in medical care
- Dismissal of employees
- Employee health benefits
- Employee rights
- Employee selection
- Employment agencies
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- Executive departments
- Families
- Family leave
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In the News
June 02, 2008 Genetic Non-Discrimination Bill Signed Into Law
The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (HR 493) (GINA) balances the benefit of using genetic information for medical advances and care management ...



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Genetic information is collected during torture, so where is this law on usage of the collected information? Where is the other comment?
It is well known that for about 30 years now that American Citizens have had there DNA taken without there consent. What just took place from our Congress and Senators was a pardon if you will to protect these people responsible for breaking the law for 30 years. This is a violation of our 4th amendment rights. One again this 110th Congress and Senate gives another bunch of crooks a break. Here is one scary thing they could use our DNA for Framing us on a crime we did not do. This bill needs to be gone over and cover all of our rights to privacy so it is not used or abused against us. They can also use our DNA to make specific viruses that can only affect people with a certain trait. This may also be use as a form of genocide as genetic elimination in the future. I can not believe I am the only one that is out raged people get off the fluoride, we are being so dumbed down. Redo this bill. I will be writing my Representatives next.
I'm sorry, but are you people braindead? Genetic information collected during torture??? Use DNA for framing us on crimes??? Where did THIS come from? Read the bill again! It specifically protects workers from having their family's medical history being used against them. This is a civil rights act, not a free pass for genocide, torture, or any other extreme view.
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