(1) In 1974, Frank Atonio, a United States citizen of Samoan descent, and 9 other minority salmon workers filed a class-action employment discrimination suit under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 against Wards Cove Packing Company that eventually involved 2,000 workers of Filipino, Samoan, Chinese, Japanese, and Alaska native descent.
(2) The lawsuit represented workers who charged that minority employees at Wards Cove’s seasonal cannery in Ketchikan, Alaska, were discriminated based on their race.
(3) Nearly all of the company’s unskilled, lower-paid cannery-line workers were ethnic minorities. Nearly all of the higher-paid machinists, engineers, and quality-control personnel were Caucasian.
(4) The 2 groups lived in separate dormitories and ate in separate mess halls. One machine was dubbed the ‘Iron Chink,’ and living quarters for Filipino workers were referred to as the ‘Flip House.’
(5) In 1989, the Supreme Court in Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio ruled in the company’s favor, 5-4, rolling back plaintiff’s rights in discrimination cases. The court ruling shifted the burden of proof from employers to employees alleging workplace discrimination.
(6) Undoing the legal precedent established by that court ruling became a critical impetus for the Civil Rights Act of 1991.
(7) Section 402(b) of the Civil Rights Act of 1991 contained an exception clause for cases in which a complaint was filed in 1975 and decided in 1983: ‘Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act, nothing in this Act shall apply to any disparate impact case for which a complaint was filed before March 1, 1975, and for which an initial decision was rendered after October 30, 1983.’ Only 1 case falls within this exclusion, that being the Wards Cove case.
(8) Section 402(b) of such Act effectively blocked the expansion of procedural and substantive rights provided by the Civil Rights Act of 1991 from taking effect to the very people whose lawsuit shed light into discrimination in the workplace.
(9) In March 1993, President William Jefferson Clinton announced his support to remove the exemption, stating that ‘It is contrary to all of our ideas to exclude any American from the protection of our civil-rights laws’.
(10) The Civil Rights Act of 1991 is considered to be the most comprehensive civil rights legislation to pass Congress since the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Like the 1964 landmark Act, the 1991 Act prohibits all discrimination in employment based on race, gender, color, religious, or ethnic considerations.
(11) Yet so long as Section 402(b) of such Act remains in place, the Civil Rights Act of 1991 will always be marred as a law that is deeply discriminatory.
(12) Section 402(b) of such Act remains a potent symbol of injustice among Asian-Americans and civil rights groups.
U.S. Congress - Text of H.R.4275 as Introduced in House Justice for Wards Cove Workers Act
