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{{Energy and Environment Policy (U.S.)|congress=110|bill=s2191|}} 

== Background  ==

Following the introduction and debate of several bills aimed at combating climate change, Sens. [[Joe Lieberman]] and [[John Warner]] announced in August 2007 they would introduce a bill containing a cap-and-trade system for limiting greenhouse gas emissions.<ref name="Mufson 8/2/2007">Steven Mufson, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/01/AR2007080102321.html "2 Senators to Unveil Climate Bill,"] ''The Washington Post,'' August 2, 2007.</ref> 

On October 18, 2007, Lieberman and Warner introduced [http://www.opencongress.org/bill/110-s2191/show S. 2191], America's Climate Security Act of 2007. The bill was the ninth to be introduced since the beginning of 2007.<ref name="Cohen">Stephanie I. Cohen, [http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/latest-climate-change-bill-getting/story.aspx?guid=%7B663FB4E7-DCE0-4FE1-8475-B65BFF54B070%7D "Is the latest climate change bill getting warmer?,"] ''The Washington Post,'' August 2, 2007.</ref> 

=== Bill Summary  ===

<usbillinfo bill="S.2191" congress="110" /> 

*'''Capping greenhouse emissions:''' The bill would impose emission limits on electric utility, transportation, and manufacturing industries.<ref name="Cohen" /> 
**Between 2005 and 2012: The bill caps emissions at 5200 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent, the estimated levels during 2005.<ref name="Lashof">Daniel Lashof, [http://docs.nrdc.org/globalwarming/glo_07102201A.pdf "Global Warming Pollution Reductions under the Lieberman-Warner Bill,"] National Resources Defense Council, October 16, 2007.</ref> 
**Between 2012 and 2020: Further reductions of 2 percent per year should result in a 15% reduction below 2005 levels.<ref name="Lashof" /> 
**Between 2020 and 2050: Emissions should be reduced by 70% by 2050.<ref name="Lashof" /> 
*'''Transition assistance:''' To smooth the way for companies and individuals, the Lieberman-Warner bill includes financial incentives for reducing emissions 
**Low- and middle-income families: The legislation calls for $350 billion in assistance for low- and middle-income families though 2030.<ref name="NWF">[http://www.nwf.org/nwfwebadmin/binaryVault/10-30-07_NWF_Assessment_ACSA.pdf "Assessment of America’s Climate Security Act of 2007,"] National Wildlife Federation, October 30, 2007.</ref> The money would come from programs such as the Low Income Weatherization Assistance Program. 
**Modernization assistance: The legislation provides $500 billion through 2030 for investments in zero- and low-carbon technologies.<ref name="NWF" />

== Bill Progress  ==

=== Subcommittee Passage  ===

On November 1, 2007, the Subcommittee on Private Sector and Consumer Solutions approved the measure, and recommended it to the full Committee on Environment and Public Works. During the subcommittee hearing, Sen. [[Bernard Sanders]] tried unsuccessfully to modify substantial portions of the bill, with only one proposed amendment accepted. He had attempted to "strengthen the auction of pollution allocations, lower the cap on emissions, earmark subsidies for renewable energies, demand accountability from the auto industry, and diminish industry's capacity to stall simply by buying carbon offsets."<ref name="Beutler">Brian Beutler, [http://gristmill.grist.org/story/2007/11/1/95130/7733 "Tracking Lieberman-Warner: What's next?,"] Gristmill, November 1, 2007.</ref> 

=== Approval in Environment and Public Works Committee  ===

Warner joined Democrats and Lieberman in approving the legislation on December 5, 2007, following a day of debate in the Environment and Public Works Committee.<ref name="Davies">Frank Davies, [http://www.mercurynews.com/healthandscience/ci_7648382 "Major global warming bill headed for Senate"], ''The Mercury News'', December 6, 2007</ref> According to one report, Republican Sens. [[Jim Inhofe]] (Okla.) and [[Larry Craig]] (Idaho) offered 150 amendments to the act.<ref name="Grist_Dec-6">[http://www.grist.org/news/2007/12/06/ACSA/ "Don't Say We Didn't Warner You"], Grist, December 6, 2007</ref> In addition, ''The Mercury News'' reported that opponents "failed to amend the bill with a provision that would end the emissions caps unless China - about to become the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases - adopted similar restrictions within 10 years." Inhofe said the bill would cost 2.3 million during the next 10 years.<ref name="Broder_Dec-6">John M. Broder, [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/06/washington/06energy.html "Senate Panel Passes Bill to Limit Greenhouse Gases"], ''The Washington Post'', December 6, 2007</ref> 

Some groups and lawmakers remained skeptical that the bill would do enough to curb emissions. A representative of the Union of Concerned Scientists said the bill was a "strong foundation" but, expressed a desire for tougher measures: 
<blockquote>If we are to have a fighting chance to avoid the worst effects of climate change, the United States has to cut emissions by 80 percent from current levels by the middle of the century.<ref name="Broder_Dec-6" /></blockquote> 
The committee approved the legislation by a 11-8 vote. However, S.2191 never came to a vote in the Senate. <ref>OpenCongress bill page for [http://www.opencongress.org/bill/110-s2191/show S.2191].</ref> 

== Boxer introduces similar bill  ==

On May 20, 2008, Sen. [[Barbara Boxer]] introduced a related bill, the Lieberman-Warner Climate Security Act of 2008 ([http://www.opencongress.org/bill/110-s3036/show S.3036]). <usbillinfo bill="S.3036" congress="110" /> 

=== Summary  ===

Debate centered on a version of the bill introduced as an amendment in early June. According to Project Vote Smart, this bill would: 

*Starts to cap carbon emissions at 5,775 million units in 2012 and reduces that amount by 70 percent to 1,732 million units by 2050 (Sec. 201). 
*Establishes a Greenhouse Gas Registry to monitor emissions in the U.S. that includes methods for avoiding the double-counting of emissions, protocols to prevent any avoidance of reporting requirements, and methods to verify and audit submitted data, and establishes consistent policies for calculating carbon content and greenhouse gas emissions for each type of fossil fuel reported (Sec. 102). 
*Establishes a market for carbon emission allowances that provides holders with the ability to freely trade, transfer, or sell allowances (Sec. 401, 402, 411, 412). 
*Allows owners or operators of entities that fall under the emissions caps to borrow up to 15 percent of their emissions allowances from the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (Sec. 511). 
*Requires the Administrator of the EPA to hold an annual carbon emission allowance cost-containment auction from 2012-2027 that is separate from other emission auctions and limits prices to $22-$30 per allowance for 2012 with readjusted prices each subsequent year (Sec. 522, 523, 526). 
*Requires states that rank in the top 20 for annual usage of home heating oil to use at least 5 percent of the state's emission allowances to prevent consumers from suffering hardship due to increases in home heating oil prices (Sec. 614). 
*Allows the Climate Change Technology Board to auction a percentage of emissions allowances to fund awards to pay up to 30 percent of manufacturer costs for reequipping, expanding, or establishing manufacturing facilities in the U.S. that produce qualifying advanced technology vehicles, qualifying components, or engineering integration of qualifying vehicles and components (Sec. 1115). 
*Establishes the Efficient Buildings Grant Program to provide grants to owners of buildings that are newly constructed highly efficient buildings with a minimum score of 75 from the Energy Star program or to owners of existing buildings that have been renovated to increase efficiency by 30 points or more until 2012 when emissions allowances start being distributed to reward construction or improvement of high-efficiency buildings (Sec. 111, 801, 802). 
*Creates the Super-Efficient Equipment and Appliances Development Program to provide grants to retailers and distributors for increasing sales of high-efficiency building equipment, consumer electronics, and household appliances until 2012 when emissions allowances start being distributed to reward retailers and distributors for increasing sales of high-efficiency products (Sec. 112, 811, 812). 
*Authorizes $2 billion in appropriations from fiscal years 2009-2011 for funding international capacity building programs that develop methods and programs to measure greenhouse gas emissions and reductions, assess technology and policies for greenhouse gas mitigations, and provide other forms of technical assistance; and requires the Administrator of the EPA to regulate the acceptance and issuance of carbon emission allowances to foreign countries or entities (Sec. 114, 202, 302, 321, 322 ). 
*Allows the auction of a percentage of carbon emissions allowances to grant additional funding to programs to help people transition to a fuel efficient economy, create a tax initiative program to prevent higher energy costs, and fund EPA programs for habitat conservation, species protection, and non-emergency wildland fire suppression (Sec. 532, 535, 541-542, 561-562, 581-582, 585, 1202, 1211-1212, 1222, 1231, 1233-1236).<ref>Project Vote Smart page on [http://www.votesmart.org/issue_keyvote_detail.php?cs_id=19648 S Amdt 4825].</ref>

=== Cloture vote fails  ===

On June 6, 2008, an attempt to invoke cloture on the amendment failed by a vote of 48-36. 

<usvoteinfo year="2008" chamber="senate" rollcall="145" /> 

{{Record vote display|U.S. Senate record vote 145, 110th Congress, Session 2}}

== Support, opposition and critiques  ==

=== Support  ===

The following people and organizations endorsed the Lieberman-Warner bill: 

*[[League of Women Voters]] [http://capwiz.com/lwv/issues/alert/?alertid=11249226&type=CO] 
*[[Natural Resources Defense Council]] <ref>"[http://nrdc.org/legislation/factsheets/leg_07121101A.pdf The Boxer-Lieberman-Warner Climate Security Act Substitute Amendment (pdf)]," NRDC, May 2008.</ref> 
*[[Environmental Defense Fund]] <ref name="CNNSenvote">Ted Barrett, "[http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/06/02/senate.greenhousegas/  Global warming bill faces stiff GOP opposition]," CNN, June 2, 2008.</ref>

=== Opposition  ===

The following people, companies and organizations were opposed to the bill: 

*[[Nuclear Information and Resource Service]] <ref>Alert, "[http://nirs.org/alerts/05-12-2008/1 Senate Climate Change Bill Could Give Billions of Taxpayer Dollars to the Nuclear Power Industry]," NIRS, May 12, 2008.</ref> 
*[[Friends of the Earth]] <ref>Press release, "[http://action.foe.org/t/928/pressRelease.jsp?press_release_KEY=374 Response to Lieberman-Warner substitute]," Friends of the Earth, May 21, 2008.</ref> 
*President [[George W. Bush]] <ref name="CNNSenvote" /> 
*Sen. [[James Inhofe]] <ref name="CNNSenvote" /> 
*[[Club for Growth]] <ref name="CNNSenvote" />

<br> 

== Articles and resources  ==

=== See also  ===

=== References  ===

<references /> 

=== External resources  ===

*THOMAS page on Boxer amendment ([http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d110:SP04825: S.AMDT.4825]).

=== External articles  ===

*Zachary Coile, "[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/06/02/MN4I10U7TD.DTL Senate taking up key climate-change bill]," ''San Francisco Chronicle'', June 2, 2008. 
*Pew Center on Global Climate Change, [http://www.pewclimate.org/analysis/l-w "Analysis of the Lieberman-Warner Climate Security Act of 2008"] 
*John M. Broder, [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/03/washington/03climate.html?scp=1&sq=Lieberman-Warner%20Climate%20Security%20Act%20of%202008&st=cse "Senate Opens Debate on Politically Risky Bill Addressing Global Warming,"] The New York Times, June 3, 2008.

[[Category:U.S._legislation]]