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U.S. immigration legislation

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U.S. immigration legislation prior to the 110th Congress U.S. immigration legislation in the 110th Congress Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007 Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007/Amendments STRIVE Act of 2007 CLEAR Act of 2007 SKIL Act of 2007 Uniting American Families Act of 2007 </li> </ul>

During the Senate debate on the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007 (S.1348) in late May and early June 2007, numerous amendments were introduced seeking to alter provisions in the original bill. This page details these amendments.

For more details on the bill, see the main Congresspedia page on the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007

Contents 1 May 2007 1.1 Vitter Amendment to remove legalization provisions 1.1.1 Support 1.2 Dorgan amendment to strip a "guest worker" provision 1.3 Bingaman amendment to reduce the number of non-immigrants admitted into the country 2 June 2007 2.1 Kennedy amendment to institute new border security measures including electronic verification system 2.2 Allard amendment to eliminate Z-visa preference given to illegal over legal immigrants 2.3 Durbin amendment to ensure that employers make efforts to recruit American workers 2.4 McConnell amendment to require individuals voting in person to present photo ID 2.5 Feingold amendment to investigate injustices suffered by refugees during WWII 2.6 Kennedy amendment to increase immigration-related penalties associated with various criminal activities 2.7 Cornyn amendment to bar legal status for any aliens who have committed identity fraud or disobeyed deportation orders 2.8 DeMint amendmenet to require healthcare coverage for Z-visa holders 2.9 Bingaman amendment to remove the requirement that immigrants leave the U.S. before renewing their visas 2.10 Cornyn amendment to address documentation of employment 2.11 Reid amendment to clarify the application of the earned income tax credit 2.12 Sessions amendment to prevent Y temporary workers from claiming the earned income tax credit 2.13 Menedez amendment to modify the deadline for the family backlog reduction 2.14 Kyl amendment to modify the allocation of visas with respect to the backlog of family-based visa petitions 2.15 Clinton amendment to reclassify the spouses and minor children of lawful permanent residents as immediate relatives 2.16 Ensign amendment to improve the criteria and weights of the merit-based evaluation system 2.17 Salazar amendment to recognize the importance of the English language 2.18 Inhofe amendment to make English the official language of the U.S. 2.19 Vitter amendment to implement postponed border enforcement system 2.20 Obama amendment to terminate merit-based assessments for immigrants 2.21 Dorgan amendment to place a five year limit on the new guest worker program 2.22 Coburn amendment to enforce existing border laws 3 Articles and resources 3.1 See also 3.2 References 3.3 External resources 3.4 External articles

May 2007

Vitter Amendment to remove legalization provisions

On May 22 the Senate rejected, by a 29-66 vote, an amendment by Sen. David Vitter (R-La.) to remove from the comprehensive immigration reform bill the only path to legalized immigration status for undocumented immigrants. The amendment would have eliminated provisions in the bill that created a new category of “Z visas” available to immigrants living in the United States illegally. The visas could be applied for by undocumented immigrants residing in the U.S. before 2007, legalizing their residency and ultimately putting them in line for citizenship if they could pass a background check, demonstrate efforts to learn English and U.S. civics and pay large fines. No other provisions in the bill provided opportunities for undocumented immigrations to legalize their immigration status.^[1]

• For full vote details, including how each Senator voted, see the OpenCongress info page on the amendment.

Support

Same for all scorecards:

• Name of bill: Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007
• Chamber: U.S. House of Representatives
• Roll call number: 180
• Congress number: 110th
• Session number: 1
• Vote link: U.S. House of Representatives record vote 180, 110th Congress, Session 1

Scored vote
Scorecard: Drum Major Institute 2007 Senate Scorecard	Org. position: Nay
Description: "The American middle class relies on the economic contributions of immigrants. While the overall immigration bill this amendment is attached to recognizes these contributions and would allow them to continue under the Z visa program, this amendment eliminates that pathway to legalization. Instead, by taking out the bill’s only means for otherwise law-abiding undocumented immigrants to remain in the country legally, the amendment effectively endorses a policy of imprisoning and deporting the estimated 12 million undocumented immigrants currently helping to support the economy as workers, entrepreneurs, taxpayers and consumers. This mass deportation is the explicit aim of many of the bill’s supporters. But imprisonment and deportation is not only a bad policy for the middle class but also a tremendously expensive and ultimately unworkable one. Many undocumented immigrants would still evade deportation, while others would continue to enter the country illegally. Attempting to enforce such an unworkable policy would further drain scarce enforcement resources. Equally important is the way this legislation would exacerbate the threat that undocumented workers pose to the wages and workplace conditions of aspiring middle-class Americans. Because unscrupulous employers can threaten to have their undocumented employees deported at any time, these immigrants are particularly vulnerable to exploitation in the workplace. This underground workforce competing in the labor market with American citizens perpetuates a "race to the bottom" in which employers, especially those in industries requiring unskilled labor, are driven to reduce wages and benefits and degrade employee working conditions in an effort to compete with companies that employ undocumented workers under substandard conditions. While this legislation seeks to drive undocumented immigrants out of the workplace completely, the more likely effect would be that they remain in the country but are driven further underground, increasing their vulnerability and further undermining middle-class wages and working conditions." (Original scorecard available at: http://www.drummajorinstitute.org/library/report.php?ID=63)

Others who supported legalization programs like the one targeted in Vitter's amendment included:

• Fred Feinstein, University Of Maryland School Of Public Policy: "Those who claim it would be wrong to provide a means for legalization of the undocumented conveniently overlook that it is employers, consumers, homeowners, building owners and many others who have benefited from the hard work of undocumented workers. We all benefit when they clean our offices and hotel rooms, care for our children, and tend to our family members when they are sick or in need. The people who oppose immigration reform never acknowledge that they are demanding stiff sanctions for the immigrant while supporting ‘amnesty’ for those who have benefited from their hard work." (May 23, 2007)^[1]

• AFL-CIO: "The current [immigration] system is unworkable – it has become a blueprint for exploitation of all workers, both U.S. and foreign-born. As long as this broken system persists, ALL workers will suffer because employers will be able to turn to a ready pool of exploitable workers to drive down wages, benefits, health and safety protections and other workplace standards for ALL workers… The best way to guarantee the rights and wages of all workers in this country is to give every immigrant the opportunity to become a citizen, with all the rights and duties that entails."–Richard Trumka, Secretary-Treasurer, AFL-CIO (January 20, 2007)^[1]

• Leadership Conference on Civil Rights: "It is easy to focus on the charge that undocumented immigrants have broken the rules in order to get here. We do not need to condone violations of our immigration laws. But as we do in most other circumstances, we should also look at why these individuals broke the rules. Motives count. And most of these 12 million people have broken the rules not to “steal jobs,” to live off the government, or to take advantage of anyone else. Instead, most of them have been motivated, to the point where many have even risked their lives to come here, by the desire to escape economic or political hardships that few native-born Americans today could fully understand. And they are all too often enticed here by employers who are perfectly happy to use and abuse them in the process."-Wade Henderson, President, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights (May 3, 2007)^[1]

Dorgan amendment to strip a "guest worker" provision

On May 22, the Senate voted on an amendment sponsored by Sen. Byron Dorgan (D-N.D.), to strip a "guest worker" program from the bill. The amendment failed, 31-64.^[1]

Bingaman amendment to reduce the number of non-immigrants admitted into the country

On May 23, the Senate approved an amendment sponsored by Sen. Jeff Bingaman (D-N.M.) to "reduce to 200,000 the number of certain non-immigrants permitted to be admitted during a fiscal year."^[1]

Same for all scorecards:

• Name of bill: Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007/Amendments
• Chamber: U.S. Senate
• Roll call number: 175
• Congress number: 110th
• Session number: 1
• Vote link: U.S. Senate record vote 175, 110th Congress, Session 1

Scored vote
Scorecard: U.S. Chamber of Commerce 2007 Senate Scorecard	Org. position: Nay
Description: "Despite strong opposition by the Chamber, the Senate, by a vote of 74-24, agreed to an amendment to S. 1348, the Secure Borders, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Reform Act, that would have cut the number of temporary workers in a future essential worker program from 400,000 to 200,000 a year. The Chamber supports a temporary worker program that realistically takes into account the needs of the economy in setting the number of visas to be granted. Ultimately, the Senate was unable to garner the support necessary to limit debate and bring S. 1348 to a final vote, and this amendment was not passed into law." (Original scorecard available at: http://www.uschamber.com/issues/legislators/07htv_senate.htm)

June 2007

Kennedy amendment to institute new border security measures including electronic verification system

• The amendment also would create a “merit-based” system for the allocation of some green cards. Criteria would include a high demand occupation, proficiency in English, and higher education degrees. Family relations would determine allocation of half of green cards. Amendment also allows for a temporary guest worker program.^[1]

Same for all scorecards:

• Name of bill: Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007
• Chamber: U.S. Senate
• Roll call number: 206
• Congress number: 110th
• Session number: 1
• Vote link: U.S. Senate record vote 206, 110th Congress, Session 1

Scored vote
Scorecard: Americans for Democratic Action 2007 Senate Scorecard	Org. position: Aye
Description: "Motion to invoke cloture on Kennedy (D-MA) legislation to overhaul U.S. immigration policies and institute new border security measures, including an electronic verification system. It would allocate some green cards on a “merit-based” system based on certain criteria, including a high demand occupation, proficiency in English, and higher education degrees. Half of the green cards would be allocated based on family relations. It also would provide for a temporary guest worker program that would allow workers to remain in the United States for up to six years, provided that they return to their home country for a year after every two years they remain in the United States." (Original scorecard available at: http://www.adaction.org/pages/publications/voting-records.php)

Allard amendment to eliminate Z-visa preference given to illegal over legal immigrants

• The amendment (Amdt. No. 1189), introduced by Sen. Wayne Allard (R-Colo.), would eliminate the preference given to people who entered the United States illegally over people seeking to enter the country legally in the merit-based evaluation system for visas. The measure failed, 31-62.^[1]
  

Durbin amendment to ensure that employers make efforts to recruit American workers

• An amendment (Amdt. No. 1231), offered by Sen. Richard Durbin (D-Ill.), would ensure that employers make efforts to recruit American workers. The measure passed by a vote of 71-22.
  

McConnell amendment to require individuals voting in person to present photo ID

• An amendment (Amdt. No. 1170), sponsored by Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.), would amend the Help America Vote Act (HAVA) of 2002 to require individuals voting in person to present photo identification. The measure failed 41-52.
  

Feingold amendment to investigate injustices suffered by refugees during WWII

• An amendment (Amdt. No. 1176), sponsored by Sen. Russ Feingold (D-Wis.), would establish commissions to review the facts and circumstances surrounding injustices suffered by European Americans, European Latin Americans, and Jewish refugees during World War II. The measure passed by a vote of 67-26.
  

Kennedy amendment to increase immigration-related penalties associated with various criminal activities

• An amendment (Amdt. No. 1333), offered by Sen. Ted Kennedy (D-Mass.), would offer penalties more moderate than the Cornyn amendment (see below). The Kennedy amendment would increase the immigration-related penalties associated with various criminal activities, and passed by a vote of 66-32.
  

Cornyn amendment to bar legal status for any aliens who have committed identity fraud or disobeyed deportation orders

• An amendment (Amdt. No. 1184), sponsored by Sen. John Cornyn (R-Texas), would establish a permanent ban for gang members, terrorists, and other criminals. Supporters of the overall bill overcame a major hurdle when the Senate narrowly defeated the amendment, which would have barred legal status for aliens who engaged in identity fraud or disobeyed deportation orders. The measure would have made it substantially more difficult for many illegal immigrants to eventually gain legal status, as many illegal immigrants commit identity fraud when trying to obtain legal employment. The Cornyn measure failed by a vote of 46-51, with nine Democrats voting for it and 10 Republicans voting against it.^[1]
  

DeMint amendmenet to require healthcare coverage for Z-visa holders

• An amendment (Amdt. No. 1197), offered by Sen. Jim DeMint (R-S.C.), would require health care coverage for holders of Z-nonimmigrant visas. The measure failed 43-55.
  

Bingaman amendment to remove the requirement that immigrants leave the U.S. before renewing their visas

• An amendment (Amdt. No. 1267), offered by Sen. Jeff Bingaman (D-N.M.), would remove the requirement that Y-1 nonimmigrant visa holders leave the United States before they are able to renew their visa. The measure failed, 41-57.
  

Cornyn amendment to address documentation of employment

• An amendment (Amdt. No. 1250), offered by Sen. John Cornyn (R-Texas), would address documentation of employment and make an amendment with respect to mandatory disclosure of information. The measure passed 57-39.
  

Reid amendment to clarify the application of the earned income tax credit

• An amendment (Amdt. No. 1331), sponsored by Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid (D-Nev.), would clarify the application of the earned income tax credit. The measure passed, 57-40.
  

Sessions amendment to prevent Y temporary workers from claiming the earned income tax credit

• An amendment (Amdt. No. 1234), offered by Sen. Jeff Sessions (R-Ala.), would save American taxpayers up to $24 billion in the 10 years after passage of this Act by preventing the earned income tax credit, which is, according to the Congressional Research Service, the largest anti-poverty entitlement program of the federal Government, from being claimed by Y temporary workers or illegal aliens given status by this Act until they adjust to legal permanent resident status. The measure passed, 56-41.
  

Menedez amendment to modify the deadline for the family backlog reduction

• An amendment (Amdt. No. 1194), sponsored by Sen. Robert Menendez (D-N.J.), would modify the deadline for the family backlog reduction. The measure required waiving the Congressional Budget Act (CBA) in order to get around mandatory "pay-go" provisions, so the Senate voted on a "motion to waive CBA" regarding Menendez's amendment, which requires a 3/5 (60) vote. The motion failed, 53-44.
  

Kyl amendment to modify the allocation of visas with respect to the backlog of family-based visa petitions

• An amendment (Amdt. No. 1460), sponsored by Sen. Jon Kyl (R-Ariz.), would modify the allocation of visas with respect to the backlog of family-based visa petitions. It would permit more legalization applications to be submitted, but would not grow the number of visas issued. The measure passed, 51-45.
  

Clinton amendment to reclassify the spouses and minor children of lawful permanent residents as immediate relatives

• An amendment (Amdt. No. 1183), offered by Sen. Hillary Clinton (D-N.Y.), would reclassify the spouses and minor children of lawful permanent residents as immediate relatives. The measure required waiving provisions in the Congressional Budget Act (CBA), so the Senate voted on a "motion to waive CBA" regarding Clinton's amendment, which requires a 3/5 (60) vote. The motion failed, 44-53.
  

Ensign amendment to improve the criteria and weights of the merit-based evaluation system

• An amendment (Amdt. No. 1374), sponsored by Sen. John Ensign (D-Nev), would improve the criteria and weights of the merit-based evaluation system. The amendment failed, 42-55.
  

Salazar amendment to recognize the importance of the English language

• An amendment (Amdt. No. 1384), sponsored by Sen. Ken Salazar (D-Co.), would recognize the important role the English language plays in the United States without imposing any language-specific restrictions on public services or recognizing English as the national language. The amendment passed, 58-39.^[1]
  

Inhofe amendment to make English the official language of the U.S.

• An amendment (Amdt. No. 1151), sponsored by Sen. James Inhofe (R-Okla), would declare English the official language of the United States, and state that public services and materials need not be provided in any language other than English. The amendment passed, 64-33.
  

Vitter amendment to implement postponed border enforcement system

• An amendment (Amdt. No. 1339), sponsored by Sen. David Vitter (D-La.), would require that the U.S. VISIT system—the biometric border check-in/check-out system first required by Congress in 1996 that is already past its postponed 2005 implementation due date—be finished as part of the enforcement trigger before guest worker programs go into effect. The amendment failed, 48-49.
  

Obama amendment to terminate merit-based assessments for immigrants

• An amendment (Amdt. No. 1202), sponsored by Sen. Barack Obama (D-Ill.), would abandon the bill’s merit-based points system for evaluating immigrants in favor of one that considers familial relationships. The amendment failed, 42-55.
  

Dorgan amendment to place a five year limit on the new guest worker program

• An amendment (Amdt. No. 1316), sponsored by Sen. Byron Dorgan (D-ND), would place a five-year limit on the new guest-worker program created under the immigration bill. This temporary worker program was a significant part of the bipartisan “grand bargain” forged early in the 110th Congress. In late May, Dorgan offered the identical amendment and it was defeated, while this time the amendment narrowly passed, 49-48.^[1]
  

Coburn amendment to enforce existing border laws

• An amendment (Amdt. No. 1311), sponsored by Sen. Tom Coburn (R-Okla.), would demand that existing border security and immigration laws be enforced, including building at least a 700-mile fence along the U.S.-Mexico border, before the rest of the immigration bill’s provisions could be enacted. The amendment failed, 42-54.
  

Articles and resources

See also

• Illegal immigration
• U.S. immigration
• U.S. immigration legislation

References

External resources

• Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR)

External articles

• Jonathan Weisman, "House Votes to Toughen Laws on Immigration," Washington Post, December 16, 2005.
• Jonathan Weisman, "President Renewing Efforts on Immigration," Washington Post, April 8, 2007.